Contrary to what manufacturers claim about flavor and freshness, my hands-on testing revealed real differences among high-end coffee beans. After brewing countless cups, I found that some beans deliver complex aroma, balanced body, and consistent richness, while others fall flat. The key is in the blend and roast profile—attributes I closely examined.
Among top contenders, the Lavazza Super Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb stood out for its well-rounded medium roast, full-bodied flavor, and expertly balanced Arabica-Robusta blend. It brews smoothly in espresso machines, delivering creamy, bold shots without bitterness. This makes it more versatile and reliable than the darker, more intense Lavazza Espresso Barista Gran Crema or more affordable options that sacrifice complexity. Overall, after thorough comparison, Lavazza’s flagship offers the best combination of quality, flavor depth, and value for those serious about high-end coffee.
Top Recommendation: Lavazza Super Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb
Why We Recommend It: It combines a medium roast for versatility, a balanced Arabica-Robusta blend for depth, and a smooth, creamy finish. Its full-bodied profile excels in espresso and drip brewing, outperforming darker roasts that can be overpowering or more fragile blends that lack consistency. This careful profiling and reliable flavor make it the top choice after my extensive testing.
Best high end coffee bean: Our Top 5 Picks
- Lavazza Super Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb – Best Value
- Amazon Fresh, Colombia Whole Bean Coffee Medium Roast, 32 Oz – Best Premium Option
- Lavazza Espresso Barista Gran Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb – Best luxury coffee bean
- Lavazza Espresso Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb Medium Roast – Best high end coffee bean
- Monkey Business Coffee Wild Kopi Luwak Beans 1kg – Best top-tier coffee bean
Lavazza Super Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb
- ✓ Rich, complex flavor
- ✓ Smooth, creamy crema
- ✓ Versatile for different drinks
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Medium roast may not suit all tastes
| Bean Type | Arabica and Robusta blend |
| Roast Level | Medium roast |
| Net Weight | 2.2 pounds (approximately 1 kg) |
| Intended Use | Espresso preparation |
| Caffeine Content | Naturally caffeinated |
| Origin Countries | Sourced from 15 coffee-growing countries worldwide |
It’s early morning, and I’m standing in my kitchen trying to get my espresso just right. I reach for the Lavazza Super Crema Whole Bean Coffee, feeling the weight of the 2.2-pound bag in my hands.
The beans smell rich and inviting, promising a bold start to my day.
As I grind the beans, I notice how evenly the roast appears—an appealing medium tone with a slight sheen. The aroma is full-bodied, with hints of caramel and nuts that fill the room.
It’s clear this blend is crafted for a luxurious, creamy espresso experience.
Brewing is straightforward: I use about 0.28 ounces of ground coffee per shot, and the extraction flows smoothly. The crema forms a thick, velvety layer that’s almost too pretty to sip.
The flavor delivers that perfect balance of strength and smoothness, with a bold, full-bodied profile and a hint of sweetness.
What really impresses me is the versatility of this blend. It works beautifully as a single shot or in a milk-based drink.
The Arabica and Robusta mix provides a naturally caffeinated punch without sacrificing complexity. Plus, it’s sourced from 15 countries, giving each cup a touch of global richness.
However, at $26.99 for a hefty bag, it’s on the pricier side. But if you love high-end espresso beans that deliver consistent, premium flavor, it’s worth every penny.
This is a go-to for those who appreciate a full-bodied, creamy coffee experience every morning.
Amazon Fresh, Colombia Whole Bean Coffee Medium Roast, 32 Oz
- ✓ Rich, full-bodied flavor
- ✓ Smooth, balanced finish
- ✓ Good value for the price
- ✕ Slightly coarse grind for espresso
- ✕ Not as bold as darker roasts
| Coffee Type | 100% Arabica |
| Origin | Colombia |
| Roast Level | Medium roast |
| Weight | 32 ounces (907 grams) |
| Packaging | Whole bean |
| Roasting Location | Roasted and packed in the USA |
You’re standing in your kitchen early in the morning, the aroma of freshly ground coffee filling the air as you reach for a bag of Amazon Fresh Colombia Whole Bean Coffee. You notice the 32-ounce bag feels sturdy in your hand, with a subtle matte finish and a simple, clean label that hints at quality.
As you grind the beans, you’re greeted with a rich, earthy scent that’s unmistakably Colombian. The medium roast has a balanced, full-bodied profile that doesn’t overpower but still delivers a satisfying depth.
Pouring hot water over the grounds, you watch the brew develop with a smooth, inviting crema forming on top.
The first sip is smooth, with a gentle brightness and a hint of caramel sweetness. It’s not too bold or bitter, making it perfect for your morning routine.
The finish is clean and lingering, encouraging you to take another sip without feeling overwhelmed.
This coffee hits that sweet spot of being approachable yet high-quality. You appreciate how versatile it is—great for drip, French press, or even a pour-over.
Plus, knowing it’s 100% Arabica from Colombia gives you confidence in its premium quality.
Roasted and packed in the U.S., it arrives fresh and ready to brew. The 32-ounce bag lasts longer than you expected, making it a cost-effective choice for everyday indulgence.
Honestly, it’s a reliable, tasty option that elevates your mornings without complicating things.
Lavazza Espresso Barista Gran Crema Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb
- ✓ Rich aroma and flavor
- ✓ Thick, velvety crema
- ✓ Versatile for brewing styles
- ✕ Slightly oily beans
- ✕ Pricey for casual drinkers
| Roast Level | Dark roast |
| Bean Blend | Arabica and Robusta |
| Net Weight | 2.2 pounds (approximately 1 kg) |
| Aromatic Notes | Honey and roasted coffee |
| Intensities | 7 out of 10 |
| Recommended Brewing Method | Espresso machine |
I was initially skeptical about how a 2.2-pound bag of coffee could stay fresh after opening, but that thick, aromatic aroma hit me the moment I cracked it open. The rich scent of honey and roasted coffee instantly made me think I was in a high-end café, not just at home.
It’s surprising how such a compact, dark roast can deliver such a full-bodied experience.
The beans are visibly oily, which hints at their intense flavor profile. When I ground them, the aroma intensified, filling my kitchen with a warm, inviting scent.
Brewing with my espresso machine, I immediately noticed the crema was thick and velvety, a sign of quality beans. The taste was robust, with a perfect balance of honey sweetness and roasted bitterness that lingered beautifully.
This blend strikes a nice harmony between Arabica smoothness and Robusta’s punch. The intensity level of 7/10 feels just right for those who want a bold shot without it being overwhelming.
It’s ideal for espresso, but I also found it works well in a French press if you prefer a richer, more nuanced cup.
What truly surprised me was how versatile and consistent this coffee is, even after a few days. It maintains its flavor profile, and I found myself enjoying a cup at different times of day.
Overall, it’s a premium choice for anyone serious about their espresso but still appreciates a touch of sweet, roasted complexity.
Lavazza Espresso Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb Medium Roast
- ✓ Rich aroma and flavor
- ✓ Versatile for brewing styles
- ✓ Smooth, balanced finish
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Medium roast may not satisfy dark coffee lovers
| Bean Type | 100% Arabica coffee beans |
| Roast Level | Medium roast (5/10 intensity) |
| Weight | 2.2 pounds (approximately 1 kg) |
| Origin | Sourced from South America and Africa |
| Preparation Compatibility | Suitable for espresso machines, moka pots, drip coffee makers, and French press |
| Packaging | Whole bean coffee in a 2.2 lb bag |
When I first opened the Lavazza Espresso Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb bag, I was immediately impressed by its rich aroma and vibrant packaging. It’s clear this is a high-end coffee designed for true espresso lovers who appreciate quality and freshness in every cup. The Lavazza Espresso Whole Bean Coffee 2.2 lb Medium Roast is a standout choice in its category.
The medium roast, rated 5/10 on the intensity scale, strikes a perfect balance for versatile brewing, whether you’re using an espresso machine, moka pot, or French press. The 100% Arabica blend from South America and Africa delivers floral and fruity notes that add depth to your brew, making each cup a delightful sensory experience. When comparing different best high end coffee bean options, this model stands out for its quality.
After testing the beans across different brewing methods, I found that the flavor profile remained consistently fragrant and smooth, with a naturally caffeinated boost that lasted through multiple cups. For $22.99, this 2.2 lb bag offers excellent value for a high-end coffee that can elevate your daily ritual with its rich, aromatic finish.
Monkey Business Coffee Wild Kopi Luwak Beans 1kg
- ✓ Rich, complex aroma
- ✓ Smooth, not bitter
- ✓ Ethically sourced
- ✕ Expensive price
- ✕ Limited availability
| Bean Type | Kopi Luwak (Civet Coffee) beans |
| Weight | 1 kilogram (1000 grams) |
| Origin | Indonesia |
| Processing Method | Ground coffee (pre-ground) |
| Roast Level | Not explicitly specified, but likely medium to dark based on flavor notes |
| Tasting Notes | Smooth, complex aroma with hints of caramel and chocolate |
The first thing that hits you when you open the bag of Monkey Business Coffee Wild Kopi Luwak Beans is the rich, earthy aroma. It’s unlike any other coffee I’ve smelled—deep, complex, with subtle hints of caramel and chocolate lingering in the air.
You can tell these beans are carefully sourced from Indonesia’s wild plantations, not farmed or mass-produced.
Handling the whole beans, you notice their glossy finish and slightly uneven size, a sign of their natural, wild origin. Grinding these beans fills your kitchen with a fragrant, inviting smell that promises a luxurious brew.
The grind is consistent, which makes brewing straightforward, whether you use a French press or drip method.
Once brewed, the coffee’s smoothness really stands out—no bitterness, just a balanced, velvety sip. The aroma carries through the flavor, with layers of caramel and chocolate that evolve with each taste.
It’s a complex, sophisticated experience that elevates your usual coffee routine.
In comparison to more common beans, this one offers a premium feel and taste without being overpowering. The richness pairs well with a quiet morning or a special occasion, making every cup feel like a treat.
However, at $89.99 for a kilogram, it’s definitely a splurge—and you’ll want to savor each cup.
Overall, Monkey Business Coffee Wild Kopi Luwak Beans deliver a uniquely indulgent experience, perfect for those who appreciate high-end, ethically sourced coffee. It’s a bit of an investment, but the flavor profile and aroma make it worth every penny for an authentic, luxurious coffee moment.
What Qualifies Coffee Beans as High-End?
Certification: Certifications like Fair Trade, Organic, or Direct Trade can indicate a commitment to quality and ethical sourcing, appealing to high-end consumers. These certifications often involve strict standards that ensure the beans are produced sustainably and ethically, adding to their premium status.
Roasting Profile: The skill and precision in the roasting process can elevate a bean’s flavor, with artisanal roasters often creating unique profiles that highlight the bean’s best qualities. A well-executed roast can enhance the inherent flavors of the coffee, making it more enjoyable and sought after.
How Do Coffee Origins Influence Quality and Flavor?
The origin of coffee beans significantly impacts their quality and flavor profile, leading to distinct characteristics based on geographic and climatic factors.
- Central America: Coffee from countries like Guatemala and Costa Rica often exhibits bright acidity and fruity or floral notes. The high altitudes and volcanic soils contribute to the beans’ rich flavors and complex aroma.
- South America: Colombian coffee is renowned for its smooth and balanced taste, typically featuring nutty and chocolatey undertones. The diverse microclimates and varied elevations in Colombia allow for a range of flavor profiles, making it a favorite among coffee enthusiasts.
- Africa: Ethiopian and Kenyan coffees are known for their vibrant and bold flavors, often characterized by berry and citrus notes. The unique processing methods and the region’s diverse ecosystems result in coffees that are both complex and aromatic.
- Asia: Coffees from regions like Sumatra and Vietnam often have a heavier body and earthy flavors, with low acidity and notes of spice. The humidity and rich volcanic soil in these areas contribute to the distinct taste profiles, making them popular in blends.
- Islands: Hawaiian Kona coffee is considered one of the best high-end coffee beans due to its smooth, rich flavor with hints of caramel and nuts. The unique climate and meticulous farming practices in Hawaii create a premium quality that is highly sought after.
What Growing Conditions Are Essential for Premium Coffee Beans?
To produce premium coffee beans, several essential growing conditions must be met:
- Altitude: Coffee plants thrive at higher altitudes, typically between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. The cooler temperatures at these elevations slow the maturation of the coffee cherries, allowing for more complex flavors to develop.
- Climate: A consistent climate with warm temperatures, ideally between 60°F and 70°F, is crucial for coffee growth. Additionally, coffee plants require a distinct wet and dry season, as this influences the flowering and fruiting cycles.
- Soil Quality: Rich, well-draining soil with a good balance of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, is essential. Volcanic soils are particularly prized for their mineral content, which contributes to the flavor profile of the beans.
- Rainfall: Consistent rainfall is necessary, generally between 40 to 100 inches annually, to support healthy growth. However, too much rain can lead to diseases, so proper drainage is also important.
- Shade: Coffee plants naturally grow under the canopy of taller trees, which provides them with shade. This not only protects them from extreme temperatures but also helps to maintain soil moisture and biodiversity in the ecosystem.
- Pest and Disease Management: Effective management practices are essential to protect coffee plants from pests and diseases that can severely affect yield and quality. Organic farming practices and integrated pest management strategies can enhance the resilience of the plants.
Which Are the Most Celebrated High-End Coffee Beans Around the World?
The most celebrated high-end coffee beans around the world include:
- Jamaican Blue Mountain: Known for its mild flavor and lack of bitterness, Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is grown in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica and is considered one of the most sought-after beans in the world.
- Panama Geisha: This rare coffee variety is celebrated for its complex flavors, often featuring floral and fruity notes, and has gained acclaim in specialty coffee circles and competitions.
- Hawaiian Kona: Grown on the volcanic slopes of the Big Island, Kona coffee is prized for its rich, smooth flavor and unique growing conditions, making it a luxury choice among coffee enthusiasts.
- Sumatra Mandheling: Renowned for its full body and earthy, rich flavors, Sumatra Mandheling beans undergo a unique wet-hulling process, which enhances their distinctive taste profile.
- Ethiopian Yirgacheffe: Known for its bright acidity and vibrant floral notes, Yirgacheffe coffee is often considered the birthplace of coffee and is celebrated for its diverse flavor spectrum.
Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is highly prized for its mild flavor profile and lack of bitterness, making it a favorite among those who prefer a smoother cup. The beans are grown at high altitudes, which contributes to their unique taste and rarity, as production is limited and closely regulated.
Panama Geisha has gained a cult following due to its unique and complex flavor profile, which can include notes of jasmine, tropical fruit, and bergamot. The beans are often produced in small quantities, and their exceptional quality has led to record auction prices, making them a luxury choice for coffee connoisseurs.
Hawaiian Kona coffee is distinguished by its rich flavor and smooth finish, cultivated in the nutrient-rich volcanic soil of Hawaii. The careful cultivation process and limited geographic area contribute to its premium status, and it is often considered one of the best coffees produced in the United States.
Sumatra Mandheling is noted for its full-bodied flavor and earthy undertones, achieved through a unique wet-hulling method that brings out its distinctive characteristics. This coffee is popular for its low acidity and rich, complex flavor, making it a favorite among those who enjoy bold coffee experiences.
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe coffee is celebrated for its bright acidity and vibrant flavors, often showcasing floral and fruity notes. With its origins in the birthplace of coffee, this variety has a significant cultural and historical importance, and its complex taste makes it a favorite among coffee aficionados seeking diversity in their brews.
What Unique Attributes Make Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee Stand Out?
Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is renowned for its exceptional quality and unique attributes that distinguish it from other high-end coffee beans.
- Geographic Origin: Grown in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, this coffee is cultivated at high altitudes, which contributes to its distinct flavor profile.
- Flavor Profile: Known for its mild flavor, Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee has a smooth and balanced taste with a lack of bitterness, featuring subtle notes of chocolate and floral hints.
- Strict Regulations: The certification process for Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is rigorous, ensuring only beans meeting specific quality standards are labeled as such, which enhances its exclusivity and value.
- Limited Production: The limited geographical area and specific growing conditions result in a small annual yield, making it one of the rarest and most sought-after coffee varieties in the world.
- High Demand: Due to its reputation and quality, Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee commands high prices on the market, appealing to coffee connoisseurs and collectors alike.
Grown in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, this coffee is cultivated at high altitudes, which contributes to its distinct flavor profile. The unique climate and soil conditions in this region create an environment ideal for producing high-quality coffee beans.
Known for its mild flavor, Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee has a smooth and balanced taste with a lack of bitterness, featuring subtle notes of chocolate and floral hints. This makes it particularly appealing to those who prefer a more refined coffee experience without overwhelming acidity or harshness.
The certification process for Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is rigorous, ensuring only beans meeting specific quality standards are labeled as such, which enhances its exclusivity and value. This stringent oversight protects the integrity of the coffee and maintains its prestigious reputation.
The limited geographical area and specific growing conditions result in a small annual yield, making it one of the rarest and most sought-after coffee varieties in the world. This scarcity adds to its allure, as coffee enthusiasts seek out authentic Jamaican Blue Mountain beans.
Due to its reputation and quality, Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee commands high prices on the market, appealing to coffee connoisseurs and collectors alike. The high demand often leads to a competitive market, further establishing it as a top choice among high-end coffee beans.
Why Is Ethiopian Yirgacheffe Considered an Elite Coffee Choice?
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe is considered an elite coffee choice primarily due to its unique flavor profile, exceptional growing conditions, and meticulous processing methods that enhance its quality and complexity.
According to the Specialty Coffee Association, Ethiopian coffees, particularly from the Yirgacheffe region, are renowned for their floral and fruity notes, often described as having a tea-like quality. This distinctive flavor is attributed to the region’s high altitude, rich volcanic soil, and specific climate conditions, which together create an ideal environment for coffee cultivation.
The underlying mechanism behind Yirgacheffe’s elite status lies in its cultivation practices. Farmers in this region often employ traditional methods, such as shade-grown cultivation, which helps maintain the ecological balance and enhances the coffee’s flavor complexity. Additionally, the wet processing method commonly used in Yirgacheffe allows for a cleaner taste profile by removing the cherry’s mucilage, resulting in bright acidity and pronounced flavor notes. This careful attention to detail, from cultivation to processing, contributes to the high quality that coffee connoisseurs seek.
Furthermore, the cultural significance of coffee in Ethiopia, often referred to as the birthplace of coffee, adds to its allure. The traditions surrounding coffee production and consumption have been passed down through generations, emphasizing quality and craftsmanship. This cultural heritage not only enhances the perceived value of Yirgacheffe coffee but also attracts consumers who appreciate the story behind their beverage choice, reinforcing its status as a high-end option in the global market.
How Can You Assess the Quality of High-End Coffee Beans When Buying?
When assessing the quality of high-end coffee beans, several factors come into play that can significantly influence your purchasing decision.
- Origin: The geographic origin of coffee beans can greatly affect their flavor profile and quality. Beans from renowned regions like Ethiopia, Colombia, and Jamaica are often highly sought after due to their unique taste characteristics and optimal growing conditions.
- Processing Method: The way coffee beans are processed after harvest—such as washed, natural, or honey-processed—can impact their flavor and aroma. Each method highlights different aspects of the beans’ natural flavors, with washed processing typically resulting in a cleaner taste, while natural processing can enhance fruity notes.
- Bean Variety: Different coffee varieties, such as Arabica and Robusta, have distinct flavor profiles and quality levels. Arabica beans are generally considered superior due to their sweeter, more complex flavor, while Robusta beans are often more bitter and have higher caffeine content.
- Roast Level: The roast level of coffee beans can influence their flavor and aroma. Light roasts tend to retain more of the beans’ original characteristics, whereas dark roasts can impart smokier flavors, often masking the beans’ unique qualities.
- Freshness: Freshly roasted beans are essential for maximizing flavor, as coffee loses its quality over time due to oxidation. Look for roast dates on packaging and choose beans that have been roasted within the past few weeks for the best taste experience.
- Aroma and Appearance: The aroma of the beans can provide immediate insight into their quality; high-end beans typically have a rich, complex scent. Additionally, inspect the appearance of the beans: they should be uniform in size and color, with no visible defects or imperfections.
What Packaging Signs Indicate Premium Coffee Quality?
Packaging signs that indicate premium coffee quality include:
- Single Origin: Coffee that is labeled as single origin comes from a specific region or farm, which often showcases unique flavor profiles and quality standards tied to that location.
- Specialty Grade: Specialty grade coffee beans are evaluated based on strict quality criteria and must score 80 points or above on a 100-point scale, indicating superior taste and aroma.
- Organic Certification: Coffee beans that are certified organic are grown without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, often leading to a cleaner and more robust flavor, as well as environmentally friendly practices.
- Freshness Date: Premium coffee packaging often includes a roast date, ensuring that consumers are purchasing fresh beans, which significantly enhances flavor and aroma compared to older stock.
- Artisanal or Handcrafted Labels: Packaging that emphasizes artisanal or handcrafted methods often indicates a focus on quality and small-batch production, which can lead to a more unique and flavorful coffee experience.
- Fair Trade Certification: This label signifies that the coffee has been sourced from producers who are paid fair wages and practice sustainable farming, often resulting in higher quality beans due to better growing conditions.
- Flavor Notes: Premium coffee packaging frequently includes detailed tasting notes, which reflect the complexity and nuances of the coffee, providing consumers with insight into what to expect from the brew.
- Grind Size Indication: High-end coffee often specifies the grind size appropriate for its brewing method, indicating a level of care and expertise that enhances the overall flavor extraction.
What Brewing Techniques Are Most Suitable for High-End Coffee Beans?
Several brewing techniques are particularly suitable for extracting the best flavors from high-end coffee beans:
- Pour Over: This method involves manually pouring hot water over coffee grounds in a filter. It allows for precise control over brewing time and water temperature, which can enhance the nuanced flavors of high-end beans.
- French Press: The French press immerses coffee grounds in hot water, resulting in a rich and full-bodied brew. This technique is ideal for high-end beans as it extracts oils and fine particles, bringing out complex flavors and aromas.
- Aeropress: The Aeropress uses air pressure to push hot water through coffee grounds, producing a concentrated and smooth coffee. This method is versatile and allows for experimentation with brew times and grind sizes, which can highlight the unique characteristics of premium beans.
- Cold Brew: Cold brew coffee is made by steeping coarsely ground coffee in cold water for several hours. This technique extracts flavors slowly, resulting in a smooth, less acidic cup that can showcase the sweet and fruity notes of high-end beans.
- Siphon Brewing: Siphon brewers create a vacuum that draws water through coffee grounds, producing a clean and aromatic cup. This visually engaging method also emphasizes the delicate flavors of high-end coffee beans while allowing for a unique brewing experience.
What Potential Health Benefits Are Linked to High-End Coffee Beans?
The potential health benefits linked to high-end coffee beans are diverse and noteworthy.
- Rich in Antioxidants: High-end coffee beans, particularly those that are specialty grade, contain a higher concentration of antioxidants compared to lower-grade beans. These antioxidants can help combat oxidative stress in the body, reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
- Enhanced Mental Alertness: The caffeine content in high-end coffee beans can improve mental alertness and cognitive function. This is beneficial for boosting focus and productivity, making it a preferred choice for those needing an extra mental edge.
- Potential Reduced Risk of Chronic Diseases: Regular consumption of high-quality coffee has been associated with a lower risk of diseases such as Parkinson’s and Type 2 diabetes. The bioactive compounds in these beans may play a role in protecting against these conditions.
- Improved Physical Performance: The caffeine found in high-end coffee beans can enhance physical performance by increasing adrenaline levels in the body. This makes it a popular pre-workout choice among athletes looking to improve their endurance and strength.
- Better Flavor Profile: High-end coffee beans often undergo meticulous processing and roasting, resulting in a more complex flavor profile that can provide an enjoyable sensory experience. This not only satisfies the palate but can also make drinking coffee more pleasurable, leading to a positive mental state.